Benzotropolone derivatives and modulation of inflammatory response

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides novel benzotropolone derivatives represented by the general formula: 
                         
including neotheaflavate B and EGCGCa. The benzotropolone derivatives of the present invention are effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The present invention also provides novel method of synthesizing benzotropolone compounds in high yields and method of treating inflammatory conditions using benzotropolone containing compounds.

The instant application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to, and isa continuation of, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/652,813, filed Aug. 29,2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,087,790 the contents of which are incorporatedby reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds that contain benzotropolonemoieties and their use as antioxidants and anti-inflammatorypharmaceutical agents, as well as a novel method of making suchcompounds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A number of pharmaceutical agents have been developed for use asantioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. These pharmaceutical agents,particularly anti-inflammatory agents, have adverse actions such asdrowsiness, gastrointestinal troubles, and their continuousadministration for a long period cause a problem. Because of theseadverse reactions, there is a strong demand for antioxidant andanti-inflammatory pharmaceutical agents derived from natural productswhich can be administered long term, are safe, and cause no adversereactions.

Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) is one of the most popular beveragesin the world. Tea leaf is known to be rich in flavonoids, includingcatechins, and their derivaties which are polyphenols (a compoundconsisting of one aromatic ring which contains at least one hydroxylgroup is classified as a simple phenol. A polyphenol therefore consistsof more than one aromatic ring, and more than two hydroxyl groups).

Many studies have demonstrated that green tea and black tea polyphenolshave anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-cardiovascular diseaseactivity (Vinson, 2000, Biofactors 13: 127-132; Weisburger et al., 2002,Food & Chemical Toxicology, 40:1145-1154.). These biological activitiesare believed to be due to their antioxidant activity through scavengingreactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals. Theaflavins have beenregarded as one of the important biologically active components in blacktea and the green tea catechins are of similar importance. Indeed, thereare a number of reports disclosing the biological activities oftheaflavins as a mixture. However, even though tea is consumed daily andin large quantities throughout the world, limited information isavailable concerning biological activity of individual tea components ortheir use as pharmaceutical agents.

There are a number of prior art references, which disclose compoundshaving chemical structural formulas to some of those disclosed in thepresent invention (Coxon et al., 1970, Tetrahedron Letters, 60:5241-5246; Leung et al., 2001, The Journal of Nutrition, 2248-2251;Lewis et al., 1998, Phytochemistry, 49: 2511-2519; Lin et al., 1999,European Journal of Pharmacology, 376: 379-388; Miller et al., 1996,FEBS Letters, 392: 40-44; Obanda et al., 2001, Food Chemistry, 75:395-404; Shiraki et al., 1994, Mutat. Res., 323: 29-34; Tanaka et al.,2001, J. Agric. Food Chem, 49: 5785-5789; Tanaka et al., 2002, J. Agric.Food Chem, 50: 2142-2148; Wan et. al., 1997, J. Sci. Food Agric., 74:401-408; Wiseman et al., 1997, Critical Reviews in Food Science andNutrition, 37: 705-718; Yang et al., 1997, Carcinogenesis, 18:2361-2365). These prior art references disclose the chemistry ofpolyphenolic compounds isolated from tea. Some of these compoundscontain benzotropolone moiety.

The present inventors have sought to discover pharmaceuticalpreparations having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and toidentify essential agent(s) for treating inflammatory conditions. Thepresent inventors have found that the compounds of the present inventionhaving benzotropolone as a common moiety possess anti-inflammatoryactivity and that the compounds of the present invention can be preparedby employing simple and unique methods of synthesis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides therapeutic and preventive agents forscavenging free radicals and for inflammatory conditions, which show ahigh safety even in a long-term administration and are able to beutilized as part of food, beverage and/or cosmetic products that areused daily.

In its general aspect, the present invention discloses various compoundshaving a benzotropolone moiety within their structure and are capable ofexhibiting potent anti-inflammatory action. Further, it has beensurprisingly discovered that substantially pure compounds in high yieldscan be synthesized by oxidative coupling of a molecule containingpyrogallol unit (such as epigallocatechin or epigallocatechin gallate)and a molecule containing a catechol unit (such as epicatechin orepicatechin gallate) by using a peroxidase in the presence of H₂O₂.

In specific aspects, the present invention disclosesbenzotropolone-containing compounds and benzotropolone derivativesrepresented by the general formula:

In the context of the present invention, the term “benzotropolonecontaining compound(s)” refers to a broad category of compounds, i.e.,those already known in the art and those that are not known in the art.The term “benzotropolone derivative(s)” as used herein refers only tothose novel compounds disclosed herein and/or that are not known in theart, which compounds can be made by those skilled in the art having thebenefit of the present disclosure. Thus, benzotropolone derivatives area subset of the broad class of compounds contemplated in the presentinvention.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition, whichis useful for modulating inflammatory conditions and/or use as anantioxidant in a mammal, having one or more benzotropolone derivativesand optionally a carrier, diluent or excipient. The benzotropolonecontaining compounds of the present invention can be those extractedfrom natural products or prepared synthetically and the composition canhave a pharmaceutical ingredient or a nutraceutical ingredient or acombination of these ingredients as bioactive ingredients for modulatinginflammatory conditions and/or use as an antioxidant in a mammal.

In another embodiment, a method of treating or reducing the progressionof an inflammatory condition in a mammal by administering a compositionhaving benzotropolone containing compound (s) is provided.

The benzotropolone containing compounds of the present invention can bemade in forms suitable for oral delivery or non-oral deliveries such as,for example, topical administration. In case of oral administration, thebenzotropolone containing compounds of the present invention can beadministered to keep blood concentration sufficient enough to allow themanifestation of pharmacological effect, and the number of oraladministration per day can be set as desired, particularly in light ofthe fact that the compounds of the present invention show minimaltoxicity, if any.

In yet another embodiment, a simple, easy to control and reproduciblemethod for synthesizing a benzotropolone derivative is provided. Thesynthesis involves, among other things, reacting a molecule comprising apyrogallol unit with a molecule comprising a catechol unit in thepresence of a peroxidase and H₂O₂

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In one aspect of the invention, the present invention is directed tocompositions having benzotropolone containing compounds (i.e., compoundswith benzotropolone ring structures). Benzotropolone is a common moietyof numerous natural products. For example, theaflavins found in teacontain benzotropolone nucleus. The four major theaflavins that can beobtained from black tea are theaflavin, theaflavin-3-gallate,theaflavin-3′-gallate, theaflavin-3,3′-digallate. The otherbenzotropolone containing compounds that can be obtained from black teaare epitheaflavic acid, epitheaflavic acid-3′-O-gallate, isotheaflavin,theaflavate A, theaflavate B, isotheaflavin-3′-O-gallate andneotheaflavin-3-O-gallate.

Theaflavins can be produced by enzymatic oxidation of their parentflavonols, i.e., a catechol or di-hydroxylated B ring unit and apyrogallol or tri-hydroxylated B ring unit to their quinones, andfollowed by their condensation. Theaflavin, for example, is a chemicalcompound that is the oxidation and condensation product of(−)-epicatechin and (−)-epigallocatechin. Listed in table 1 below arethe parent flavonols of some of the benzotropolone containing compoundsof the present invention.

TABLE 1 Parent flavonols of theaflavins and epitheaflavic acidsTheaflavins Parent flavonols Theaflavin (−)-epicatechin (EC) and(−)-epigallocatechin (EGC) Theaflavin-3-gallate (−)-epicatechin and(−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) Theaflavin-3′-gallate(−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (−)-epigallocatechinTheaflavin-3,3′-digallate (−)-epicatechin gallate and(−)-epigallocatechin gallate Epitheaflavic acid (−)-epicatechin andgallic acid (GA) Epitheaflavic acid gallate (−)-epicatechin gallate andgallic acid

The benzotropolone containing compounds of the invention are thoseisolated from tea extracts and/or those synthesized by chemicaloxidation of specific precursor compounds such as pyrogallol unitcontaining molecules and catechol unit containing molecules.

The preferred benzotropolone containing compounds that are useful andspecifically contemplated in the present invention are:

Group 1: Theaflavins (general structures of black tea theaflavins):compounds # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

-   -   1. Theaflavin    -   2. Theaflavin 3-gallate    -   3. Theaflavin 3′-gallate    -   4. Theaflavin 3,3′-digallate    -   5. Neotheaflavin    -   6. Neotheaflavin 3-gallate

Group 2: Theaflavate (benzotropolone structure contains an ester group):Compounds # 7, 8, 9

-   -   7. Theaflavate A    -   8. Theaflavate B    -   9. Neotheaflavate B

Group 3: Theaflavic acid (benzotropolone structure contains a carboxylicgroup): Compounds # 10, 11, 12, 17

-   -   10. Theaflavic acid (CGA)    -   11. Epitheaflavic acid    -   12. Epitheaflavic acid 3-gallate    -   17. Purpurogallin carboxylic acid

Group 4: Catechol derived benzotropolones: Compounds #13, 14, 15, 16

-   -   13. EGCCa    -   14. EGCGCa    -   15. GACa    -   16. Purpurogallin

Group 5: Interaction products of pyrogallol and tea catechins, catecholand caffeic acid: Compounds 18, 19, 20, 21, 22

Group 6: Interaction products of chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid andcatechins: Compounds 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33

Group 7: Derivatives of purpurogallin, purpurogallin carboxylic acid andGACa or other benzotropolone molecules (H of OH group replaced withacetate, methyl, ethyl, propyl or higher alkyl groups), such as:Compounds 34, 35 and 36

Of the above listed compounds, some compounds are already known to oneskilled in the art as they have already been reported in the literatureand some are novel and not known to one skilled in the art. For example,compound 9 (group 2) or compound 14 (group 4) or compounds listed undergroup 5 through group 7 are novel.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a unique,simple, easy control and reproducible manufacturing process that canenable efficient production of substantially pure benzotropolonecontaining compounds in high yields. For example, the theaflavins yieldsat least matching those obtained with prior art known methods have beenachieved in accordance with the method of the invention in its simplestform. Specifically, for example, in the case of theaflavin 3-gallate,when the starting materials (parent flavonols) are one gram each (EC andEGCG, 1 g each), theaflavin 3-gallate yields of at least 0.2 g areachievable by the present method. The process involves a peroxidasecatalyzed coupling of pyrogallol unit containing molecule(s) and/orcatechol unit containing molecule(s) in the presence of H₂O₂.

For example, to prepare compounds 1 through 17 under groups 1-4 above inaccordance with the methods of the present invention, parent flavonolsare dissolved in a suitable buffer containing a peroxidase enzyme. Theenzyme substrate, H₂O₂ is added to the mixture and the reaction mixtureis extracted by a suitable solvent. The extract is subjected to columnseparation and eluted with a suitable solvent system to obtainbenzotropolone containing compounds in high yields. The specific detailsabout the synthesis of these compounds have been provided elsewhere inthe specification. Based on these examples one skilled in the art wouldknow how to choose the parent compounds (or parent flavonols) andsuitable reagents and conditions in order to synthesize variousbenotropolone containing compounds or benotropolone derivatives of theinvention.

For example, to prepare compounds 18-23 listed above, the followingmethod can be used: First, the appropriate parent flavonol(s) isdissolved in a mixture of acetone-pH 5.0 phosphate citrate buffer (1:10,v/v, 50 mL), containing horseradish peroxidase and 1.0 ml of 3.13% H₂O₂.Then, while being stirred, an ice-cooled solution of pyrogallol in H₂Ois added in drops for about 45 minutes. The reaction mixture isextracted by ethyl acetate (50 ml×3). After concentration, the residueis subjected to Sephadex LH 20 column and eluted with acetone-watersolvent system (40%). The appropriate parent compound in each case is asfollows: EC (for compound 18), ECG (for compound 19), cateching (forcompound 20), catechol (for compound 21); caffeic acid (for compound 22)and chlorogenic acid (for compound 23)

Likewise, for example, to prepare compounds 24-33 listed above, thefollowing method can be used: First, appropriate parent flavonols aredissolved in a mixture of acetone-pH 5.0 phosphate citrate buffer (1:10,v/v, 50 mL) containing horseradish peroxidase. Then, while beingstirred, 2.0 ml of 3.13% H₂O₂ is added four times during 45 minutes. Thereaction mixture is extracted by ethyl acetate (50 ml×3). Afterconcentration, the residue is subjected to Sephadex LH 20 column elutedwith acetone-water solvent system (40%).

The appropriate parent compounds in each case are as follows:Chlorogenic acid and Garlic acid (for compound 24), Chlorogenic acid andEGC (for compound 25), Chlorogenic acid and EGCG (for compound 26),Chlorogenic acid and ECG (for compound 27); Chlorogenic acid and EGCG(for compound 28) and Caffeic acid and ECG (for compound 29) Caffeicacid and EGCG (for compound 30), Caffeic acid and EGC (for compound 31),Caffeic acid and EGCG (for compound 32), Caffeic acid and Garlic acid(for compound 33).

To prepare compound 34 listed above, first, Purpurogallin is reactedwith acetic anhydrate in pyridine at room temperature for overnight.Then, after evaporation of the solvent in vacuo, the residue is appliedto Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-water solvent system (40%)to obtain the compound.

To prepare compound 35 listed above, first, a solution of GACa inmethanol is acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Then, themixture is stirred and heated to reflux for 30 min and then extractedwith ethyl acetate. After evaporation, the residue is reacted withacetic anhydrate in pyridine at room temperature for overnight. Afterevaporation of the solvent in vacuo, the residue is applied to SephadexLH 20 column eluted with acetone-water solvent system (40%) to obtainthe compound.

To prepare compound 36 listed above, first, a solution of Purpurogallinin methanol is acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Then, themixture is stirred and heated to reflux for 30 min and then extractedwith ethyl acetate. After evaporation, the residue is reacted withacetic anhydrate in pyridine at room temperature for overnight. Afterevaporation of the solvent in vacuo, the residue is applied to SephadexLH 20 column eluted with acetone-water solvent system (40%) to obtainthe compound.

In an aspect of the present invention, compositions having apharmaceutical or a nutraceutical agent useful for the treatment orprevention of an ailment or a symptom thereof (e.g., inflammation), aredisclosed. The composition of the present invention may also be used asantioxidants. The pharmaceutical or a nutraceutical agent in thecomposition includes at least one benozotropolone compound or derivativethereof as a biologically active agent. The composition may beformulated into liquid, solid or powder forms and administered to amammal, including humans, in need thereof.

A pharmaceutical, as used herein, is a synthetically produced bioactivecompound, where no structurally identical and naturally produced analogto the synthetically produced bioactive compound exists. Alternatively,a pharmaceutical is a biologically active compound derived from naturalsources (e.g., plants and plant products) but is not a food item, or afood additive or a dietary supplement. Nutraceutical as contemplatedherein refers to a food item, or a food additive or a dietary supplementthat offers ameliorative health or medical effects, including preventionand/or treatment of disease. A dietary supplement is one which is usedto supplement one or more dietary (food) ingredients such as minerals,vitamins, herbs, or herbal extract, carbohydrate, a fat, a protein orcombinations of these ingredients.

In addition to the benozotropolone compound or derivative thereof as abiologically active compound in the composition, a pharmaceutical or anutraceutical agent used in the composition of the present invention mayfurther include conventionally used compounds (e.g., ibuprofen, aspirin,NSAIDS, vitamin E, and/or orange peel extract or other herbal extracts;See, WO 01/21137 the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference) for the treatment or prevention of a given ailment. Further,the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical used in the present inventioninclude the equivalent salts of the benzotropolone containing compounds,which achieve substantially the same effect as the pharmaceutical or thenutraceutical. In an embodiment of the invention, use of a nutraceuticalagent in the composition may be optional to improve the efficacy of apharmaceutical agent in the composition for the treatment or preventionof the given ailment. Likewise, use of a pharmaceutical agent in thecomposition may be optional to improve the efficacy of a nutraceuticalagent in the composition for the treatment or prevention of the givenailment. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical may becombined and processed into a suitable formulation.

As already noted, the composition of the present invention includes aneffective amount of at least one benzotropolone compound or derivativethereof as a biologically active agent. In an embodiment, more than onebenzotropolone compound or derivative thereof is used in thecomposition. They may be present in amounts ranging from none to all ofthe effective amount or to amounts less than all of the effectiveproportion or amount, provided that at least one benzotropolone compoundor derivative thereof is present in an amount effective to treat orprevent inflammatory condition. For example, a composition may have aneffective amount of EC, Pyrogallol (i.e., compound 18 disclosed above)as a benzotropolone containing compound or derivative. In addition, forexample, the composition may have neotheaflavate B and/or EGCGCa asadditional benzotropolone containing compounds or derivatives. Theadditional benzotropolone containing compounds or derivatives may bepresent from none to a fraction or all of an amount effective asanti-inflammatory compounds or antioxidants. While, the presence ofadditional benzotropolone containing compounds do not affect theeffectiveness of the composition, these may improve (or synergistic to)the efficacy of a benzotropolone containing compounds or derivatives inthe composition.

In another aspect, the present invention also discloses antioxidantactivities of the compositions having benzotropolone containingcompounds disclosed herein. Oxygen radical absorbence capacity (ORAC)assay, which is a measure of free radical scavenging ability, is simpleand sensitive method to measure the oxygen-radical absorbing capacity.It has been widely used for measuring the antioxidant activity of foodand nutraceutical components. ORAC assay was developed by Cao et al.,1993, Free Radical Biol. Med. 14:303-311. In the assay, β-phycoerythrin(β-PE) was used as fluorescent indicator protein and2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) used as a peroxyradical generator. β-PE is a photosynthetic protein found in red algae.β-PE has been used as fluorescent probe because of its distinctexcitation and emission wavelength (Ex. 540 nm, Em. 565 nm). The use ofβ-PE as a fluorescent probe, however, has certain defects. When reactiveoxygen species attack the β-PE, it can easily lose the fluorescence.Furthermore, the ORAC value can be affected by possible interactionbetween polyphenols and proteins. Recently, Ou et al., 2001, J. Agric.Food Chem. 49:4619-4626 reported an improved ORAC method usingfluorescein, instead of β-PE, as a fluorescent probe. Accordingly,fluorescein is used as a fluorescent probe in ORAC assays for testingthe antioxidant activities of the compounds of the present invention.

In yet another aspect of the invention, the present invention isdirected to a method of preventing and/or treating inflammation in ananimal using compositions having benzotropolone containing compoundsdisclosed herein. A number of studies revealed that green tea and blacktea polyphenols have anti-inflammatory activity along with considerableamount of epidemiological evidence. The anti-inflammatory activity (oranti-edema) of benzotropolone containing compounds of the presentinvention can be tested using 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)TPA-induced inflammatory skin edema assay. Application of TPA on skinresults in induction of omithine decarboxylase activity that increasesthe polyamine level and epidermal hyperplasia, and inflammation, andpro-inflammatory cytokine (e.g.,IL-1β) and prostaglandins (prostaglandinE₂) production at the site. The benzotropolone containing compounds canbe applied either prior to or subsequent to or simultaneously with thetopical application of TPA to skin tissue (e.g. mice ear).

Indeed, the inhibitory effects of some black tea polyphenols, includingtheaflavin, a mixture of theafavin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3′-gallate,theaflavin-3,3′-digallate, and the green tea polyphenol(−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced edema and ornithinedecarboxylase (ODC) activity was recently studied (Liang et al. 2002,Nutrition and Cancer 42 (2): 217-223). Topical application of thesepolyphenols onto experimental mice resulted in inhibition of TPA-inducedear edema and skin epidermal ODC activity.

To explain the structure-activity relationship of three theaflavins andanti-inflammatory activity, there are two possibilities that arecommonly accepted in the field.

(a) Since TF-3 molecule has 13 OH (phenolic) groups, TF-2 has 10 OHgroups and TF-1 has 7 OH groups, it is therefore the more OH group thestronger the anti-inflammatory activity.

(b) Since TF-3 contains two gallate groups, TF-2 contains one gallategroup and TF-1 contain no gallate, it is therefore the more gallategroup the stronger anti-inflammatory activity.

The present inventors have, however, unexpectedly found that thisexplanation is incorrect, and that it is the presence of benzotropoloneunit or moiety that is important, which may even be for conferring theanti-inflammatory property. For example, it has been found that there isno relationship between the number of OH group and anti-inflammatoryactivity. Many compounds that have no gallic group such as EGCCa showedcomparable activity to theaflavin monogallates. See Example V below. Ofthe anti-inflammatory agents of the present invention, benzotropolonederivatives are preferred.

The compositions useful in the context of the present inventive methodcan be administered to an animal, especially a mammal, and preferably ahuman, by any suitable means or routes. Oral administration ispreferred, but other routes of administration such as parenteral andtopical administration can be used. The compounds of the presentinvention can be administered alone or they can be mixed with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent depending on the mode ofadministration. For oral administration, for example, the compounds ofthis invention can be administered in its pure form as powders oradministered in the form of tablets, capsules, lozenges, syrups,elixirs, solutions, suspensions and the like, in accordance with thestandard pharmaceutical practice.

The effectiveness of the compositions having compounds and derivativesof the present invention, whether by oral or topical delivery, has beenshown herein by using an art recognized animal model system (Sala etal., 2003, European Journal of Pharmacology 461 (1): 53-61; Ukiya etal., 2001, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49 (7): 3187-3197;Huang et al., 2003, Protective effect of dibenzoylmethane on chemically-and UV light-induced skin, inflammation, sunburn lesions, and skincarcinogenesis in mice, In: Food Factors in Health Promotion and DiseasePrevention, F. Shahidi, C.-T. Ho, S. Watanabe and T. Osawa. Washington,D.C, American Chemical Society: 196-207; Huang et al., 1988, CancerResearch. 48: 5941-5946. See, details relating to anti-inflammatoryactivity of benzotropolone containing compounds disclosed under theExamples section below. As can be seen from the working examples, thebenzotropolone containing compounds of the present invention are indeedeffective in vivo.

The daily dose of benzotropolone compound(s) or derivative(s) can beappropriately determined and is not particularly limited. In mostinstances, however, an effective dosage for a patient in need of thetreatment will be between 0.1 mg/kg to 300 mg/kg body weight daily. Inany case, the active compounds of this invention are administered at atherapeutically effective amount to achieve the desired therapeuticeffect without causing any serious adverse effects in the patienttreated. The therapeutically effective amount for each active compoundcan vary with factors including but not limited to the activity of thecompound used, the severity of the conditions to be alleviated, thetotal weight of the patient treated, the route of administration, theage and sensitivity of the patient to be treated, and the like, as willbe apparent to a skilled artisan. The amount of administration isadjusted as the various factors change over time.

EXAMPLE(S)

The following examples further illustrate the present invention. Theexamples below are carried out using standard techniques, that are wellknown and routine to those of skill in the art, except where otherwisedescribed in detail. The examples are illustrative and do not limit theinvention.

I. Synthesis of Theafilavin Mixtures

A mixture of theaflavins were synthesized from their parent flavonolsusing enzymatic oxidation methods.

Specifically, after filtration, the crude green tea polyphenol (1.8 g,commercial sample containing 80% catechins) was loaded directly onto aSephadex LH-20 column eluted first with 95% ethanol to removenon-catechin flavonoids, then the column was eluted with acetone toobtain a mixture of tea catechins (1.34 g). The tea catechins weredissolved in pH-5 buffer (50 mL), which contained 4 mg horseradishperoxidase. While being stirred, 3.0 mL of 3.13% H₂O₂ was added 5 timesduring 1 hr. The enzymatic reaction solution containing catechins andcrude peroxidase had turned into a reddish solution during oxidationreaction. The reaction mixture was extracted by ethyl acetate (50 mL×3).After concentration, the residue (0.97 g) was subjected to Sephadex LH20 column eluted with acetone-water solvent system (from 35% to 50%).350 mg of a theaflavin mixture was obtained.

II. Preparation of Tea Catechins

After filtration, the crude green tea polyphenol (10 g) was loadeddirectly onto a Sephadex LH-20 column eluted with 95% ethanol to givethree catechins, namely epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin(EGC) and epigallocatecin gallate (EGCG). Each catechin was furtherpurified through RP C-18 column eluted with Methanol-Water solventsystem.

III. Synthesis of Pure Benzotropolone Containing Compounds

Various benzotropolone containing compounds were synthesized byenzymatic oxidative coupling of a molecule containing pyrogallol unit(such as epigallocatechin) and a molecule containing catechol unit (suchas epicatechin) by using horseradish peroxidase (in the presence ofH₂O₂) or polyhenol oxidase.

The following analytical procedures were used: Thin-layer chromatographywas performed on Sigma-Aldrich silica gel TLC plates (250 μm thickness,2-25 μm particle size), and the spots were detected by UV illumination,and spraying with 5% (v/v) H₂SO₄ in an ethanol solution. ¹H NMR spectrawere obtained on a Varian 600 instrument (Varian Inc., Palo Alto,Calif.). The compound was analyzed in CH₃OH-d₄, with TMS as internalstandard. APCI-Mass spectra were recorded on a Micromass Platform IIsystem (Micromass Co., Beverly, Mass.) equipped with a Digital DECPC XL560 computer for data analysis.

A. Synthesis of Benzotropolone Containing Compounds Catalyzed byPeroxidase

The following seventeen benzotropone containing compounds weresynthesized by the reaction of a molecule containing pyrogallol unit anda molecule containing catechol unit catalyzed by horseradish peroxidasein the presence of H₂O₂.

1. Theaflavin

EC (1 g) and EGC (1 g) were dissolved in a mixture of acetone-pH 5.0phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL) which contained 4 mghorseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 ml of 3.13% H₂O₂ wasadded four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was extractedby ethyl acetate (50 ml×3). After concentration, the residue wassubjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-water solventsystem (40%). 250 mg theaflavin was obtained.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 7.97 1H s, 7.85 1H s, 7.34 1H s, 6.02 1Hd, J=2.4 Hz, 5.99 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.97 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.96 1H d, J=2.4Hz, 5.64 1H brs, 4.91 1H brs, 4.45 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 4.32 1H brs, 2.98 1Hdd, J=4.8, 16.8 Hz, 2.94 1H dd, J=4.8, 16.8, 2.84 1H brd, J=16.8 Hz,2.82 1H brd, J=16.8 Hz; ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 150 MHz): δ_(C) 185.1, 158.1,158.0, 157.6, 157.5, 157.3, 156.6, 155.1, 150.9, 146.1, 134.4, 131.2,129.0, 126.6, 123.7, 121.9, 118.3, 100.3, 99.8, 96.8, 96.1, 96.0, 81.2,77.1, 66.7, 65.6, 30.0, 29.4 ppm.

2. Theaflavin 3-gallate

EC (1 g) and EGCG (1 g) were dissolved in a mixture of acetone-pH 5.0phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), which contained 4 mghorseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 ml of 3.13% H₂O₂ wasadded four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was extractedby ethyl acetate (50 ml×3). After concentration, the residue wassubjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-water solventsystem (45%). 220 mg theaflavin 3-gallate was obtained.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 7.91 1H s, 7.80 1H s, 7.38 1H s, 6.80 2Hs, 6.02 1H d, J=1.8 Hz, 6.00 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.99 2H s, 5.78 1H brs,5.55 1H brs, 5.11 1H s, 4.16 brd, J=2.4 Hz, 3.07 dd, J=4.8, 16.8 Hz,2.99 dd, J=4.2, 16.8, 2.91 brd, J=16.8 Hz, 2.83 brd, J=16.8 Hz; ¹³C NMR(CD₃OD, 150 MHz): δ_(C) 185.6, 167.4, 158.0, 157.9, 157.8, 157.3, 156.4,156.3 155.4, 151.2, 146.4, 146.3, 139.9, 133.5, 131.3, 128.7, 125.7,123.8, 121.9, 121.0, 117.0, 110.1, 100.2, 99.3, 96.9, 96.8, 96.2, 95.8,79.8, 77.0, 69.0, 65.7, 30.1, 27.1 ppm.

3. Theaflavin 3′-gallate

ECG (1 g) and EGC (1 g) were dissolved in a mixture of acetone-pH 5.0phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), which contained 4 mghorseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 ml of 3.13% H₂O₂ wasadded four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was extractedby ethyl acetate (50 ml×3). After concentration, the residue wassubjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-water solventsystem (45%). 110 mg theaflavin 3′-gallate was obtained.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 7.88 1H s, 7.87 1H s, 7.37 1H s, 6.84 2Hs, 6.06 d, J=2.4 Hz, 6.00 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.98 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.97 d,J=2.4 Hz, 5.87 brs, 5.81 1H brd J=3.0 Hz, 4.94 1H brs, 4.33 1H brs, 3.091H dd, J=4.8, 17.4 Hz, 2.96 1H dd, J=4.8, 16.8, 2.88 1H brd, J=17.4 Hz,2.86 dd, J=2.4, 16.8 Hz; ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 150 MHz): δ_(C) 185.6, 167.2,158.0, 157.9, 157.8, 157.7, 157.0, 156.6, 156.0, 155.5, 151.1, 146.2,139.7, 134.8, 130.3, 128.8, 125.9, 123.0, 121.9, 120.9, 118.3, 99.8,99.6, 96.8, 96.7, 95.8, 95.7, 81.2, 75.8, 68.3, 66.5, 29.3, 27.2 ppm.

4. Theaflavin 3,3′-digallate

ECG (1 g) and EGCG (1 g) were dissolved in a mixture of acetone-pH 5.0phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), which contained 4 mghorseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 ml of 3.13% H₂O₂ wasadded four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was extractedby ethyl acetate (50 ml×3). After concentration, the residue wassubjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-water solventsystem (45%). 100 mg theaflavin 3,3′-digallate was obtained.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 7.79 1H s, 7.76 1H s, 7.47 1H s, 6.88 2Hs, 6.80 2H s, 6.07 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 6.03 2H d, J=2.4 Hz, 6.00 1H d, J=2.4Hz, 5.86 1H brs, 5.76 1H m, 5.67 1H m, 5.21 1H s, 3.17 1H dd, J=4.8,16.8Hz, 3.09 1H dd, J=4.8, 17.4, 2.91 2H m.

5. Neotheaflavin

C (catechin) (0.8 g) and EGC (0.8 g) were dissolved in a mixture ofacetone-pH 5.0 phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), whichcontained 4 mg horseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 mL of3.13% H₂O₂ was added four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixturewas extracted by ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). After concentration, theresidue was subjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-watersolvent system (45%). 120 mg neotheaflavin was obtained.

¹H NMR ((CD₃)₂CO, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 8.26 1H s, 7.46 1H s, 7.63 1H s, 6.06d, J=2.4 Hz, 6.03 d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.96 d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.95 d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.62d, J=7.8 Hz, 5.01 1H s, 4.39 1H m, 4.15 1H m, 2.97 dd, J=5.4, 15.6 Hz,2.91 dd, J=4.2, 16.8, 2.84 dd, J=1.2, 16.8 Hz, 2.66 dd, J=9.6, 15.6 Hz;¹³C NMR ((CD₃)₂CO, 150 MHz): δ_(C) 184.8, 157.6, 157.5, 157.4, 157.0,156.7, 156.6, 154.4, 150.5, 146.2, 134.8, 132.2, 130.8, 128.6, 122.3,121.6, 119.2, 100.7, 99.2, 96.4, 96.3, 95.6, 95.4, 81.5, 79.1, 69.5,66.6, 30.0, 29.3 ppm.

6. Neotheaflavin 3-gallate

C (1 g) and EGCG (1 g) were dissolved in a mixture of acetone-pH 5.0phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), which contained 4 mghorseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 ml of 3.13% H₂O₂ wasadded four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was extractedby ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). After concentration, the residue wassubjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-water solventsystem (45%). 170 mg neotheaflavin 3-gallate was obtained.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 8.04 1H s, 7.59 1H s, 7.49 1H s, 6.92 2Hs, 6.01 2H d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.98 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.97 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.671H brs, 5.56 1H brd, J=6.6 Hz, 5.11 1H s, 4.22 1H m, 3.03 1H dd, J=4.8,17.4 Hz, 2.92 1H brd, J=16.8 Hz, 2.83 1H dd, J=4.8, 16.8, 2.66 dd,J=8.4, 16.8; ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 150 MHz): δ_(C) 185.8, 167.4, 158.0, 157.9,157.8, 156.7, 156.5, 155.3, 151.6, 146.9, 146.2, 139.9, 134.0, 132.0,130.4, 127.7, 122.3, 121.0, 117.6, 110.2, 100.6, 99.2, 96.9, 96.7, 95.9,95.6, 80.5, 77.1, 69.9, 68.8, 28.5, 27.0 ppm.

7. Theaflavate A

ECG (0.85 g) was dissolved in pH 5 buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), whichcontained 2 mg horseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 1.5 mL of3.13% H₂O₂ was added three times during 30 minutes. The reaction mixturewas extracted by ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). After concentration, theresidue was subjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-watersolvent system (45%). 60 mg theaflavate A was obtained and 600 mg ECGwas recovered.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 8.33 1H s, 7.81 1H s, 7.65 1H s, 6.87 1Hdd, J=1.8, 7.8 Hz, 6.85 1H d, J=1.8 Hz, 6.80 2H, s, 6.53 1H d, J=7.8 Hz,6.15 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 6.11 1H d, J=2.4, 6.09 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.98 1H, d,J=2.4 Hz, 5.69 1H brs, 5.64 1H brs, 5.52 1H, brd, J=3.6 Hz, 5.11 1H s,3.32 dd, J=4.8, 18.0 Hz, 3.10 dd, J=4.8, 18.0 Hz, 3.05 dd, J=1.8, 16.8Hz, 2.91 d, J=16.8; ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 150 MHz): δ_(C) 186.8, 167.8, 167.3,158.2, 158.1, 158.0, 157.9, 157.2, 157.1, 155.3, 149.5, 146.4, 146.3,146.0, 140.0, 133.5, 131.2, 126.6, 124.8, 122.9, 122.6, 121.0, 119.0,116.4, 115.8, 114.2, 110.2, 100.0, 99.4, 97.3, 97.2, 96.5, 96.4, 78.0,75.6, 72.1, 68.9, 27.3, 26.7 ppm.

8. Theaflavate B

EC (0.5 g) and ECG (0.5 g) were dissolved in a mixture of acetone-pH 5.0phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), which contained 2 mghorseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 mL of 3.13% H₂O₂ wasadded four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was extractedby ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). After concentration, the residue wassubjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-water solventsystem (45%). 200 mg theaflavate B was obtained.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 8.26 1H s, 7.88 1H s, 7.59 1H s, 6.87 1Hdd, J=1.8, 7.8 Hz, 6.86 1H d, J=1.8 Hz, 6.55 1H d, J=7.8 Hz, 6.16 1H d,J=2.4 Hz, 6.08 1H d, J=2.4, 6.05 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.98 1H, d, J=2.4 Hz,5.66 1H brs, 5.46 1H brs, 5.08 1H s, 4.14 1H brs, 3.34 dd, J=4.8, 16.8Hz, 3.21 dd, J=4.8, 16.8 Hz, 3.17 dd, J=3.6, 16.2 Hz, 2.88 d, J=16.8;¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 150 MHz): δ_(C) 186.4, 167.8, 158.3, 158.0, 157.9,157.7, 157.4, 157.1, 154.9, 151.8, 149.5, 146.3, 146.0, 134.8, 132.3,131.3, 126.5, 124.4, 123.7, 122.4, 119.2, 116.3, 115.8, 114.4, 100.7,99.5, 97.2, 97.1, 96.6, 96.5, 78.1, 77.0, 72.1, 66.7, 30.0, 26.7 ppm.

9. Neotheaflavate B

C (0.5 g) and ECG (0.5 g) were dissolved in a mixture of acetone-pH 5.0phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), which contained 2 mghorseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 ml of 3.13% H₂O₂ wasadded four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was extractedby ethyl acetate (50 ml×3). After concentration, the residue wassubjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-water solventsystem (45%). 90 mg neotheaflavate B was obtained.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 8.77 1H s, 7.64 1H s, 7.61 1H s, 6.88 1Hd, J=1.8 Hz, 6.82 1H dd, J=1.8, 8.4 Hz, 6.64 1H d, J=8.4 Hz, 6.03 1H d,J=2.4 Hz, 5.98 1H d, J=2.4, 5.96 2H brs, 5.58 1H brs, 5.38 1H brd, J=7.2Hz, 5.04 1H s, 4.07 1H m, 3.03 dd, J=4.8, 16.8 Hz, 2.95 brd, J=16.8,2.91 dd, J=4.8, 16.8 Hz, 2.66 dd, J=3.6, 16.2 Hz; ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 150MHz): 67 _(C) 186.6, 167.7, 157.9, 157.7, 157.3, 157.0, 156.8, 154.7,152.3, 149.8, 146.0, 145.8, 135.0, 134.3, 131.2, 128.8, 124.0, 122.5,119.0, 116.2, 115.8, 114.4, 101.2, 99.2, 97.0, 96.8, 96.1, 95.9, 79.7,78.0, 72.0, 69.6, 29.6, 26.6 ppm.

10. Theaflavic Acid (CGA)

C (0.5 g) and gallic acid (0.5 g) were dissolved in a mixture ofacetone-pH 5.0 phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), whichcontained 2 mg horseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 mL of3.13% H₂O₂ was added four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixturewas extracted by ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). After concentration, theresidue was subjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-watersolvent system (45%). 60 mg theaflavic acid and 20 mg purpurogallincarboxylic acid were obtained.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 9.00 1H s, 7.82 1H s, 7.66 1H s, 5.98 1Hd, J=2.4 Hz, 5.91 1H d, J=2.4, 5.43 1H brd, J=7.2 Hz, 4.21 1H, m, 2.94dd, J=4.8, 16.2 Hz, 2.64 dd, J=4.8, 16.2Hz; ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 150 MHz):δ_(C) 186.6, 170.3, 157.9, 157.6, 156.6, 154.7, 152.2, 149.3, 139.5,134.4, 132.2, 128.9, 125.0, 122.7, 116.5, 100.7, 96.8, 96.1, 80.0, 69.1,29.3 ppm.

11. Epitheaflavic Acid

Epicatechin (EC) (0.5 g) and gallic acid (1 g) were dissolved in amixture of acetone-pH 5.0 phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL),which contained 2 mg horseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 mLof 3.13% H₂O₂ was added four times during 45 minutes. The reactionmixture was extracted by ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). After concentration,the residue was subjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted withacetone-water solvent system (45%). 70 mg epitheaflavic acid and 25 mgpurpurogallin carboxylic acid were obtained.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 8.60 1H s, 7.95 1H s, 7.80 1H s, 6.09 1Hs, 6.00 1H s, 5.88 1H s, 5.77 1H m, 3.17 1H dd, J=4.8, 17.4 Hz, 2.94 1Hd, J=17.4 Hz; ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 150 MHz): δ_(C) 186.5, 170.1, 158.2,157.7, 157.2, 155.0, 151.6, 149.2, 134.2, 132.2, 126.7, 125.2, 123.4,122.6, 116.2, 99.2, 96.8, 96.1, 77.0, 66.4, 30.0 ppm.

12. Epitheaflavic Acid 3-gallate

ECG (0.5 g) and gallic acid (1 g) were dissolved in a mixture ofacetone-pH 5.0 phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), whichcontained 2 mg horseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 mL of3.13% H₂O₂ was added four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixturewas extracted by ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). After concentration, theresidue was subjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-watersolvent system (45%). 20 mg epitheaflavic acid 3-gallate, 40 theaflavateA and 10 mg purpurogallin carboxylic acid were obtained.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 8.64 1H s, 7.84 1H s, 7.83 1H s, 6.83 2Hs, 6.02 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 5.98 1H d, J=2.4, 5.61 1H s, 4.37 1H, m, 3.03 1Hdd, J=4.8, 16.8 Hz, 2.87 d, J=16.8 Hz; ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 150 MHz): δ_(C)186.5, 170.1, 167.1, 158.0, 156.9, 155.1, 151.7, 148.9, 146.2, 139.8,132.8, 131.6, 126.8, 122.6, 122.5, 120.8, 116.3, 110.0, 99.3, 96.9,96.0, 75.7, 68.6, 27.2 ppm.

13. EGCCa

EGC (1 g) and catechol (1.5 g) were dissolved in a mixture of acetone-pH5.0 phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), which contained 2 mghorseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 ml of 3.13% H₂O₂ wasadded four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was extractedby ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). After concentration, the residue wassubjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-water solventsystem (45%). 226 mg EGCCa was obtained.

¹H NMR (C₅D₅N, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 8.15 1H s, 7.99 1H s, 7.66 1H d, J=8.4Hz, 7.41 1H d, J=8.4 Hz, 6.75 1H brs, 6.74 1H brs, 5.23 1H s, 4.76 1H,s, 3.67 d, J=16.2 Hz, 3.44 dd, J=3.6, 16.2 Hz; ¹³C NMR (C₅D₅N, 150 MHz):δ_(C) 184.9, 158.8, 157.2, 151.8, 151.4, 147.8, 134.6, 134.5, 132.0,126.4, 123.3, 121.2, 119.9, 119.8, 99.9, 97.1, 96.0, 81.8, 66.6, 30.3ppm.

14. EGCGCa

EGCG (1 g) and catechol (1.5 g) were dissolved in a mixture ofacetone-pH 5.0 phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), whichcontained 2 mg horseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 mL of3.13% H₂O₂ was added four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixturewas extracted by ethyl acetate (50 ml×3). After concentration, theresidue was subjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-watersolvent system (45%). 230 mg EGCGCa (Epigallocatechinocatechol gallate)was obtained.

¹H NMR (C₅D₅N, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 8.01 1H s, 7.97 1H s, 7.54 1H d, J=8.4Hz, 7.29 1H d, J=8.4 Hz, 6.74 1H d, J=2.4 Hz, 6.70 1H d, J=2.4, 6.18 1Hs, 5.38 1H, s, 3.71 d, J=17.4 Hz, 3.51 dd, J=3.0, 17.4 Hz; ¹³C NMR(C₅D₅N, 150 MHz): δ_(C) 185.0, 166.8, 159.0, 158.8, 156.9, 155.4, 151.9,148.1, 147.7, 141.4, 134.5, 133.0, 131.6, 126.4, 123.2, 121.2, 120.8,118.8, 110.4, 98.9, 97.5, 96.0, 80.1, 69.1, 27.5 ppm.

15. GACa

Gallic acid (2 g) and catechol (2 g) were dissolved in a mixture ofacetone-pH 5.0 phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), whichcontained 4 mg horseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 ml of3.13% H₂O₂ was added four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixturewas extracted by ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). After concentration, theresidue was subjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-watersolvent system (45%). 400 mg GACa was obtained.

¹H NMR (C₅D₅N, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 8.08 1H brs, 7.68 1H dd, J=1.2, 8.4 Hz,7.56 1H d, J=8.4 Hz, 7.19 1H s; ¹³C NMR (C₅D₅N, 150 MHz): δ_(C) 186.0,169.6, 154.8, 152.6, 150.5, 140.0, 130.2, 128.8, 125.6, 123.0, 121.6,117.9 ppm.

16. Purpurogallin

Pyrogallol (1 g) and catechol (1.5 g) were dissolved in a mixture ofacetone-pH 5.0 phosphate citrate buffer (1:10, v/v, 50 mL), whichcontained 2 mg horseradish peroxidase. While being stirred, 2.0 mL of3.13% H₂O₂ was added four times during 45 minutes. The reaction mixturewas extracted by ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). After concentration, theresidue was subjected to Sephadex LH 20 column eluted with acetone-watersolvent system (45%). 300 mg Purpurogallin was obtained.

¹H NMR (C₅D₅N, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 7.35 1H d, J=11.4 Hz, 7.29 1H s, 7.24 1Hd, J=9.6 Hz, 6.66 1H dd, J=9.6, 11.4 Hz; ¹³C NMR (C₅D₅N, 150 MHz): δ_(C)183.4, 156.3, 154.0, 153.3, 137.1, 135.1, 134.4, 123.8, 116.8, 116.2,112.0 ppm.

17. Purpurogallin Carboxylic Acid

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ_(H) 8.17 1H s, 7.66 1H s, 6.94 1H s; ¹³C NMR(CD₃OD, 150 MHz): δ_(C) 184.0, 170.0, 156.6, 154.4, 153.2, 152.2, 137.8,134.2, 125.9, 123.0, 116.3, 114.5 ppm.

Of the seventeen compounds synthesized above, Neotheaflavate B (compound9) and EGCGCa (compound 14) are novel compounds not known in the art.The rest of the compounds are known in the art, i.e., compounds 1-8,10-12 have been identified from black tea, compounds 13, 15-17 have beenreported through chemical oxidation method, but the prior art knowncompounds were synthesized by methods other than the peroxidasecatalyzed oxidative reactions.

Thus, seventeen different benzotropolone containing compounds weresynthesized by Peroxidase/H₂O₂ system.

B. Synthesis of Benzotropolone Containing Compounds Catalyzed byPolyphenol Oxidase (PPO)

Crude polyphenol oxidase (PPO)was isolated from banana fruits purchasedfrom a local market. Briefly, a fresh banana (400 g) was homogenizedwith 800 mL of cold 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 4° C.). Thehomogeneous solution was centrifuged at 4° C. for 20 min (10,000 g). Theclear supernatant was carefully collected into the flask which is placedin the ice bath. Then, the same volume of cold acetone, which is kept inthe freezer for overnight, was slowly added into the collected solutionwith stirring. The resulting protein precipitates were collected bycentrifugation at 4° C. (10,000 g, 20 min). After centrifugation,supernatant was discarded, and the resulting pellet was carefully washedwith the 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) for three times. Then, thepellets were dissolved with the same buffer and freeze-dried.

Enzyme activity was measured by colorimetric method. The enzyme reactionsolution consisted of 2 mL of 0.1 M catechol solution and 1 mL ofphosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.0) and 20 μL of the enzyme solution. Theenzyme activity was measured at 420 nm for 5 min (25° C.) withincreasing the absorbance. The PPO activity was defined as the amount ofenzyme of increasing the absorbance of 0.001 per minute.

With the PPO catalyzed oxidative reaction, 9 compounds were synthesizedas described in the paragraphs below. The compound numbers referred toin this section correspond to the compound numbers under part III, Aabove under the examples section.

1. Enzymatic Oxidation and Isolation of Theaflavins

EC (1 g, 3.5 mmol) and EGC (1 g, 3.3 mmol) were dissolved into the 200mL of phosphate-citrate buffer (50 mM, pH 5.0) along with 2 g of crudePPO enzyme. The enzymatic oxidation was carried out at room temperaturefor 6 hour with stirring. The reaction solution was then subjected tofractionation with the same volume of ethyl acetate with three times.Then, the organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresulting residues were subjected to Sephadex LH-20 columnchromatography eluting with gradient of ethanol to 20% of acetone inethanol. Among the collected 14 fractions (each c.a. 90 mL), 8˜10fractions were combined, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresulting residue was subjected to further purification on a RP-18silica gel column eluting with gradient of 40%˜50% of aqueous methanol.During elution, 38 fractions (each c.a. 13 mL) were received. Amongthem, 10˜17 fractions were combined, and concentrated under reducedpressure, and were subjected to freeze-drying. It yielded deep-reddishcolor of compound 1 (280 mg). Along with the same enzyme reaction andisolation procedure, compound 2 was obtained from EC and EGCG reaction.The enzymatic oxidation of EGC and ECG, ECG and EGCG reaction yieldedcompound 3 and compound 4, respectively.

2. Enzymatic Reaction of Tea Catechins (EC and ECG) and Gallic Acid

EC (1.160 g, 4.0 mmole) and gallic acid (0.520 g, 4.0 mmole) weredissolved in the 100 mL of phosphate-citrate buffer (50 mM, pH 5.0), and1.2 g of crude PPO enzyme was added into the reaction solution withstirring. The enzymatic oxidation was carried out at room temperaturefor 3.5 hour. After the reaction, the solution extracted with the samevolume of ethyl acetate with three times. Then, the ethyl acetateextracts was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residues were thensubjected to Sephadex LH-20, eluting with gradient of ethanol to 20% ofacetone in ethanol. Among the collected 168 (each c.a. 15 mL) fractions,47˜52 fractions were combined, and it was concentrated under reducedpressure. The resulting residue was applied on a RP-18 silica gel columneluting with gradient of 20%˜50% of aqueous methanol, and it wasafforded compound 5. Then, 72˜85 fractions, isolated from SephadexLH-20, were combined, and it was subjected to RP-18 columnchromatography eluting with gradient of 10%˜50% of aqueous methanol, andcompound 6 was isolated.

ECG (0.66 g) and gallic acid (0.26 g) were dissolved in the 50 mL ofphosphate-citrate buffer (50 mM, pH 5.0), and 1.2 g of crude PPO enzymewas dissolved in the reaction solution. The enzymatic oxidation wasperformed at room temperature for 5 hour. The reaction solution was thenextracted with ethyl acetate with three times. Then, the organic layerwas concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residues weresubjected to Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography eluting with gradientof ethanol to 20% of acetone in ethanol. Among the collected 128fractions (each c.a. 15 mL), 18˜20 fractions were combined, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjectedfor further purification on a RP-18 silica gel column eluting withgradient of 20%˜50% of aqueous methanol, and afforded compound 7. The37˜48 fractions were combined and subjected to RP-18 columnchromatography for further purification eluting with gradient of 10%˜30%of aqueous methanol, and afforded compound 8. The 90˜108 fractions werecombined and subjected to RP-18 column chromatography eluting withgradient of 40%˜50% of aqueous methanol, and it was then affordedcompound 9.

IV. Oxygen-Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) Assay

Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay was performed to examineantioxidant activity of individual theaflavins and epitheaflavic acids.All reagents were prepared in 75 mM phosphate buffer (pH 5.5). Reactionmixture consists of 3 mL of Fluorescein solution (8.16×10⁻⁵ mM), 500 μLAAPH (153 mM), and 500 μL of sample solution or blank. Once AAPH wasadded, fluorescence was measured every 1 min using Hitachi Model F-3010fluorescence spectrophotometer with emission and excitation wavelengthof 515 and 493 nm, respectively. The ORAC value was calculated based onthe area under the fluorescence decay curve of fluorescein in thepresence of the test compound comparing to the area generated bystandard Trolox and blank. The net area under the curve and ORAC valueswere calculated by the formula presented by Cao et al (Cao et al. 1993).

The relative ORAC value (Trolox equivalents) was calculated withfollowing equation.Relative ORACvalue=[(AUC_(sample)−AUC_(blank))/(AUC_(Trolox)−AUC_(blank))]×(molarityof Trolox/molarity of sample)

The area under curve (AUC) was calculated according to followingequation.AUC=1+f ₁ /f ₀ +f ₂ /f ₀ +f ₃ /f ₀ +f ₄ /f ₀ . . . +f ₁₁₉ /f ₀ +f ₁₂₀ /f₀f₀ is the initial fluorescence reading at 0 min, f_(i) is thefluorescence reading at time i.

Quenching curves representing the peroxyl radical absorbing activity ofTrolox in various concentration (0˜4 μM) was used as a standard (datanot shown). The net area of quenching curve increased proportionally toan increment of the Trolox concentration. Quenching curves oftheaflavins and EGCG were examined (data not shown). At the sameconcentration (0.5 μM) tested, the ORAC values (Table 1) revealed thattheaflavins had higher antioxidant activity than EGCG. Quenching curvesof epitheaflavic acids and EGCG were also examined. (data not shown).The ORAC value (Table 2) of epitheaflavic acids revealed that thesecompounds had slightly higher antioxidant activity than those of EGCG.

TABLE 1 Relative ORAC values of theaflavins, epitheaflavic acids andEGCG Compounds Relative ORAC value Theaflavin 11.60 ± 0.30Theaflavin-3-gallate 13.17 ± 0.18 Theaflavin-3′-gallate 12.40 ± 0.58Theaflavin-3,3′-gallate 13.54 ± 0.69 Epitheaflavic acid^(a)  9.74 ± 0.38Purprogallin^(a)  6.01 ± 0.42 EGCG  7.69 ± 0.35 Data are expressed asthe mean ± SD, n = 4, ^(a)n = 3V. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Benzotropolone Containing Compounds

The TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-induced ear edema assaywas carried out to examine anti-inflammatory activity ofbenzotropolone-containing compounds in skin inflammation model. Thefemale CD-1 mice (24-25 days old) were topically treated with 20 μl ofacetone and benzotropolone-containing compounds in 20 μl of acetone at20 minutes before topical application of 20 μl of acetone or TPA (1nmol) in 20 μl of acetone. Then, five hours later, all mice weresacrificed by cervical dislocation. The ear punches (6 mm in diameter)were taken and weighed.

The results are shown in Table 2 below. The various benzotropolonecontaining compounds showed strong inhibitory effect.

TABLE 2 Inhibitory Effect of Theaflavin Type Compounds on TPA-inducedEdema of Mouse Ear Average weight of Percent ear punches (mg) inhibitionTreatment (Mean ± SE) % Acetone + Acetone 7.44 ± 0.08* — Acetone + TPA(1 nmol) 11.7 ± 1.38  — Theaflavin (0.5 μmol) + TPA (1 nmol) 7.90 ±0.42* 89.2 Theaflavin 3-gallate (0.5 μmol) + TPA 7.86 ± 0.24* 91.5 (1nmol) Theaflavin 3′-gallate (0.5 μmol) + TPA 7.44 ± 0.18* 100.0 (1 nmol)Theaflavin 3,3′-gallate (0.5 μmol) + TPA 7.03 ± 0.18* 100.0 (1 nmol)EGCG (0.5 μmol) + TPA (1 nmol) 8.79 ± 0.54* 68.3 Acetone + Acetone 7.44± 0.07* — Acetone + TPA (1 nmol) 15.91 ± 0.51  — Theaflavate B (0.5μmol) + TPA (1 nmol) 8.35 ± 0.32* 89.2 Theaflavate A (0.5 μmol) + TPA (1nmol) 8.52 ± 0.26* 87.2 Neotheaflavate A (0.5 μmol) + TPA 8.65 ± 0.64 85.7 (1 nmol) Neotheaflavin (0.5 μmol) + TPA (1 nmol) 10.58 ± 0.73  62.9Neotheaflavin 3-gallate (0.5 μmol) + TPA 8.42 ± 0.42* 88.4 (1 nmol)Theaflavic acid (0.5 μmol) + TPA (1 nmol) 9.28 ± 0.37* 78.3 Acetone +Acetone 7.17 ± 0.18* — Acetone + TPA (1 nmol) 15.85 ± 0.86  — Theaflavicacid (0.5 μmol) + TPA (1 nmol) 8.95 ± 0.43* 79.5 Epitheaflavic acid (0.5μmol) + TPA 9.39 ± 0.43* 74.4 (1 nmol) GACa (0.5 μmol) + TPA (1 nmol)8.61 ± 0.54* 83.3 EGCCa (0.5 μmol) + TPA (1 nmol) 7.86 ± 0.18* 92.1EGCGCa (0.5 μmol) + TPA (1 nmol) 7.49 ± 0.12* 96.3 Theaflavin (0.5μmol) + TPA (1 nmol) 8.23 ± 0.40* 87.8

These results are unexpected given the recent report by Liang et al.,2002, Nutrition and Cancer 42 (2): 217-223. Liang compared theanti-inflammatory activity of three major theaflavins in black tea.Three compounds they studies were TF-1 (i.e., theaflavin, compound 1 inthe example above), TF-2 (i.e., a mixture of Theaflavin 3-gallate andTheaflavin 3′-gallate, mixture of compounds 2 and 3 in the exampleabove) and TF-3 (i.e., Theaflavin 3,3′-digallate, compound 4 in theexample above). The anti-inflammatory test method used in Liang was thesame as we used in the present invention. From the results of Liang etal. study shown in Table 1, it is clear that the anti-inflammatoryactivity of TF-3 should be stronger than TF-2, and TF-2 should bestronger than TF-1.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art towhich this invention pertains. The contents of all the publications,patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference tothe same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patentapplication was specifically and individually indicated to beincorporated by reference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail byway of illustration and example for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modificationsmay be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.

1. A compound according to formula (I) or (II):

wherein in formula (I), A¹ is selected from hydrogen, —COOH and thegroup consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is hydrogen, A² is selected from the groupconsisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is other than hydrogen, A² is selected from thegroup consisting of:

in formula (II), A¹ is hydrogen or —COOCH₃, and A³ is —OAc; wherein eachR² is independently galloyl, or a salt of said compound.
 2. The compoundaccording to claim 1 that is


3. The compound according to claim 1 that is


4. The compound according to claim 1 that is


5. The compound according to claim 1 that is


6. The compound according to claim 1 that is


7. The compound according to claim 1 that is


8. The compound according to claim 1 that is


9. The compound according to claim 1 that is


10. The compound according to claim 1 that is


11. The compound according to claim 1 that is


12. The compound according to claim 1 that is


13. The compound according to claim 1 that is


14. The compound according to claim 1 that is


15. The compound according to claim 1 that is


16. The compound according to claim 1 that is


17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim
 1. 18.A nutraceutical composition comprising the compound of claim
 1. 19. Afood additive comprising the compound of claim
 1. 20. A dietarysupplement comprising the compound of claim
 1. 21. The compound of claim1 that is substantially pure.
 22. A pharmaceutical compositioncomprising the compound of claim
 21. 23. A nutraceutical compositioncomprising the compound of claim
 21. 24. A food additive comprising thecompound of claim
 21. 25. A dietary supplement comprising the compoundof claim
 21. 26. A method of treating or reducing the progression of aninflammatory condition comprising administering to a subject in needthereof a composition comprising an amount of the compound of claim 1effective to treat the inflammatory condition.
 27. The method accordingto claim 26, wherein said amount is between about 0.5 and about 1000 mgper kilogram body weight per day.
 28. The method according to claim 26,wherein said amount is between about 1 and about 500 mg per kilogrambody weight per day.
 29. The method according to claim 26, wherein saidcomposition is administered topically.
 30. The method according to claim26, wherein said composition is administered orally.
 31. The methodaccording to claim 26, wherein said composition is administeredparenterally.
 32. A method for neutralizing free radicals in a patientcomprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compositioncomprising an amount of the compound of claim 26 effective to neutralizefree radicals.
 33. The method according to claim 26, wherein said amountis between about 0.1 and about 300 mg per kilogram body weight per day.34. The method according to claim 32, wherein said composition isadministered topically.
 35. The method according to claim 32, whereinsaid composition is administered orally.
 36. The method according toclaim 32, wherein said composition is administered parenterally.
 37. Apharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to formula(I) or (LI):

wherein in formula (I), A¹ is selected from hydrogen, —COOH and thegroup consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is hydrogen, A² is selected from hydrogen andthe group consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is other than hydrogen, A² is selected from thegroup consisting of:

provided that when A² is hydrogen, A¹ must be hydrogen; in formula (II),A¹ is hydrogen or —COOCH₃, and A³ is hydrogen or —OAc, provided that A¹and A³ are not simultaneously hydrogen; wherein each R² is independentlygalloyl, or a salt of said compound.
 38. A nutraceutical compositioncomprising a compound according to formula (I) or (II):

wherein in formula (I), A¹ is selected from hydrogen, —COOH and thegroup consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is hydrogen, A² is selected from hydrogen andthe group consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is other than hydrogen, A² is selected from thegroup consisting of:

provided that when A² is hydrogen, A¹ must be hydrogen; in formula (II),A¹ is hydrogen or —COOCH₃, and A³ is hydrogen or —OAc, provided that A¹and A³ are not simultaneously hydrogen; wherein each R² is independentlygalloyl, or a salt of said compound.
 39. A food additive comprising acompound according to formula (I) or (II):

wherein in formula (I), A¹ is selected from hydrogen, —COOH and thegroup consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is hydrogen, A² is selected from hydrogen andthe group consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is other than hydrogen, A² is selected from thegroup consisting of:

provided that when A² is hydrogen, A¹ must be hydrogen; in formula (II),A¹ is hydrogen or —COOCH₃, and A³ is hydrogen or —OAc, provided that A¹and A³ are not simultaneously hydrogen; wherein each R² is independentlygalloyl, or a salt of said compound.
 40. A dietary supplement comprisinga compound according to formula (I) or (II):

wherein in formula (I), A¹ is selected from hydrogen, —COOH and thegroup consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is hydrogen, A² is selected from hydrogen andthe group consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is other than hydrogen, A² is selected from thegroup consisting of:

provided that when A² is hydrogen, A¹ must be hydrogen; in formula (II),A¹ is hydrogen or —COOCH₃, and A³ is hydrogen or —OAc, provided that A¹and A³ are not simultaneously hydrogen; wherein each R² is independentlygalloyl, or a salt of said compound.
 41. A method of treating orreducing the progression of an inflammatory condition comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a composition comprising anamount of a compound of formula (I) or (II) effective to treat theinflammatory condition, wherein the compound is according to formula (I)or (II):

wherein in formula (I), A¹ is selected from hydrogen, —COOH and thegroup consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is hydrogen, A² is selected from hydrogen andthe group consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is other than hydrogen, A² is selected from thegroup consisting of:

provided that when A² is hydrogen, A¹ must be hydrogen; in formula (II),A¹ is hydrogen or —COOCH₃, and A³ is hydrogen or —OAc, provided that A¹and A³ are not simultaneously hydrogen; wherein each R² is independentlygalloyl, or a salt of said compound.
 42. The method according to claim41, wherein said amount is between about 0.5 and about 1000 mg perkilogram body weight per day.
 43. The method according to claim 41,wherein said amount is between about 1 and about 500 mg per kilogrambody weight per day.
 44. The method according to claim 41, wherein saidcomposition is administered topically.
 45. The method according to claim41, wherein said composition is administered orally.
 46. The methodaccording to claim 41, wherein said composition is administeredparenterally.
 47. A method for neutralizing free radicals in a patientcomprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compositioncomprising an amount of a compound of formula (I) or (II) effective toneutralize free radicals, wherein the compound is:

wherein in formula (I), A¹ is selected from hydrogen, —COOH and thegroup consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is hydrogen, A² is selected from hydrogen andthe group consisting of:

in formula (I), when A¹ is other than hydrogen, A² is selected from thegroup consisting of:

provided that when A² is hydrogen, A¹ must be hydrogen; in formula (II),A¹ is hydrogen or —COOCH₃, and A³ is hydrogen or —OAc, provided that A¹and A³ are not simultaneously hydrogen; wherein each R² is independentlygalloyl, or a salt of said compound.
 48. The method according to claim47, wherein said amount is between about 0.1 and about 300 mg perkilogram body weight per day.
 49. The method according to claim 47,wherein said composition is administered topically.
 50. The methodaccording to claim 48, wherein said composition is administered orally.51. The method according to claim 49, wherein said composition isadministered parenterally.